Web服务之LNMMP架构及动静分离实现
一、LNMMP

LNMMP环境是Linux + Nginx + Memcached + MySQL + PhP,即LNMP + memcached。
Memcached 是一个高性能的分布式内存对象缓存系统,用于动态Web应用以减轻数据库负载。它通过在内存中缓存数据和对象来减少读取数据库的次数,从而提供动态、数据库驱动网站的速度。Memcached基于一个存储键/值对的hashmap。其守护进程(daemon )是用C写的,但是客户端可以用任何语言来编写,并通过memcached协议与守护进程通信。
二、工程拓扑
三、安装nginx服务器
- 1)部署开发环境
 - # yum -y install "Development tools" "Server Platform Development"
 - 2)解决依赖 pcre-devel openssl-devel
 - # yum -y install pcre-devel openssl-devel
 - 3) 设置用户
 - # groupadd -r nginx
 - # useradd -r -g nginx nginx
 - 4)编译安装nginx-1.4.7
 - # tar xf nginx-1.4.7.tar.gz
 - # cd nginx-1.4.7
 - # ./configure --prefix=/usr --sbin-path=/usr/sbin/nginx \
 - --conf-path=/etc/nginx/nginx.conf --error-log-path=\ /var/log/nginx/error.log --http-log-path=/var/log/nginx/access.log \
 - --pid-path=/var/run/nginx/nginx.pid --lock-path=/var/lock/nginx.lock \--user=nginx --group=nginx --with-http_ssl_module \
 - --with-http_flv_module --with-http_stub_status_module \
 - --with-http_gzip_static_module --http-client-body-temp-path=\ /var/tmp/nginx/client/ --http-proxy-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/proxy/ \ --http-fastcgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/fcgi/ \
 - --http-uwsgi-temp-path=/var/tmp/nginx/uwsgi --http-scgi-temp-path=\
 - /var/tmp/nginx/scgi --with-pcre
 - # make && make install
 - 5)检测配置文件语法
 - # /usr/sbin/nginx -t
 - 6) 提供启动脚本
 - # vim /etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx
 - 内容如下
 - # nginx - this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
 - #
 - # chkconfig: - 85 15
 - # description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
 - # proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
 - # processname: nginx
 - # config: /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
 - # config: /etc/sysconfig/nginx
 - # pidfile: /var/run/nginx.pid
 - # Source function library.
 - . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
 - # Source networking configuration.
 - . /etc/sysconfig/network
 - # Check that networking is up.
 - [ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0
 - nginx="/usr/sbin/nginx"
 - prog=$(basename $nginx)
 - NGINX_CONF_FILE="/etc/nginx/nginx.conf"
 - [ -f /etc/sysconfig/nginx ] && . /etc/sysconfig/nginx
 - lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx
 - make_dirs() {
 - # make required directories
 - user=`nginx -V 2>&1 | grep "configure arguments:" | sed 's/[^*]*--user=\([^ ]*\).*/\1/g' -`
 - options=`$nginx -V 2>&1 | grep 'configure arguments:'`
 - for opt in $options; do
 - if [ `echo $opt | grep '.*-temp-path'` ]; then
 - value=`echo $opt | cut -d "=" -f 2`
 - if [ ! -d "$value" ]; then
 - # echo "creating" $value
 - mkdir -p $value && chown -R $user $value
 - fi
 - fi
 - done
 - }
 - start() {
 - [ -x $nginx ] || exit 5
 - [ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
 - make_dirs
 - echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
 - daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
 - retval=$?
 - echo
 - [ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
 - return $retval
 - }
 - stop() {
 - echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
 - killproc $prog -QUIT
 - retval=$?
 - echo
 - [ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
 - return $retval
 - }
 - restart() {
 - configtest || return $?
 - stop
 - sleep 1
 - start
 - }
 - reload() {
 - configtest || return $?
 - echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
 - killproc $nginx -HUP
 - RETVAL=$?
 - echo
 - }
 - force_reload() {
 - restart
 - }
 - configtest() {
 - $nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
 - }
 - rh_status() {
 - status $prog
 - }
 - rh_status_q() {
 - rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
 - }
 - case "$1" in
 - start)
 - rh_status_q && exit 0
 - $1
 - ;;
 - stop)
 - rh_status_q || exit 0
 - $1
 - ;;
 - restart|configtest)
 - $1
 - ;;
 - reload)
 - rh_status_q || exit 7
 - $1
 - ;;
 - force-reload)
 - force_reload
 - ;;
 - status)
 - rh_status
 - ;;
 - condrestart|try-restart)
 - rh_status_q || exit 0
 - ;;
 - *)
 - echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
 - exit 2
 - esac
 - 7)为服务脚本赋予执行权限
 - # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/nginx
 - 8)添加到系统服务并开机启动
 - # chkconfig --add nginx
 - # chkconfig nginx on
 - # chkconfig --list nigx
 - 9) 设置nginx配置文件的语法高亮
 - # mkdir ./vim/syntax -pv
 - # cd .vim/syntax
 - # wget http://www.vim.org/scripts/download_script.php?src_id=19394
 - # cd .vim
 - # vim filetype.vim 内容如下
 - au BufRead,BufNewFile /etc/nginx/*,/usr/local/nginx/conf/* if &ft == '' | setfiletype nginx | endif
 - 10)启动服务
 - # service nginx start
 - # ss -tnalp | grep nginx
 
四、安装MySQL服务器
1.安装
  
- # tar xf mysql-5.5.33-linux2.6-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local
 - # ln -sv /usr/local/mysql-5.5.33-linux2.6-x86_64 mysql 创建软连接,易于操作
 
2.为数据库创建数据目录
- #mkdri -pv /mydata/data
 
3.新建用户以安全方式运行进程
- #groupadd -r mysql //创建系统组mysql
 - #useradd -r -s /sbin/nologin -g mysql mysql -M -D /mydata/data mysql
 - //创建系统用户mysql
 - #chown -R mysql:mysql /mydata/data
 - //设置目录属主属组
 
4.初始化mysql
- # cd /usr/local/mysql
 - # scripts/mysql_install_db --datadir=/mydata/data --user=mysql
 - //初始化数据库
 - # chown -R root .
 - //设置当前目录所有文件属主为root
 
5.提供脚本
- #cd /usr/local/mysql
 - #cp support-files/mysql.server /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
 - //设置脚本mysqld
 - #chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/mysqld
 - //给脚本执行权限
 - # chkconfig --add mysqld
 - //添加开机启动
 - # chkconfig mysqld on
 
6.提供配文件
- #cd /usr/local/mysql
 - #cp support-files/my-large.cnf /etc/my.cnf
 - #vim /etc/my.cnf
 - thread_concurrency = 2
 - //修改,并发线程数,bithread_concurrency的值为CPU个数乘以2
 - datadir = /mydata/data
 - #添加,mysql数据文件的存放路径:
 
7.其他配置
- # vim /etc/profile.d/mysqld.sh
 - exportPATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH
 - # source /etc/profile.d/mysqld.sh
 - #vim /etc/man.config
 - MANPATH /usr/local/mysql/man//添加此行
 - # ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include /usr/include/mysql
 - //输出mysql的头文件至系统头文件路径/usr/include
 - # echo '/usr/local/mysql/lib' > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
 - //输出mysql的库文件给系统库
 - #ldconfig //重载系统库:
 
8.启动服务
- # service mysqld start
 - # ss -tnl | grep 3306
 
9.用户初始化
- #mysql
 - mysql> use mysql
 - mysql> selecthost,user,password from user;
 - mysql> DELETE FROM user WHERE user = ''; //删除空用户
 - mysql> DELETE FROM user WHERE user = '::1'; //删除ipv6用户
 - mysql> UPDATE user SET password = PASSWORD('Hoolee') WHERE password = '';
 - //为root用户设置密码
 - mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
 
#p#
五、安装php服务器
1.解决开发环境和依赖关系
- # yum -y install bzip2-devel
 - # yum -y install libmcrypt-devel
 - # yum -y groupinstall "Desktop Platform Development"
 
2.安装php
- # tar xf php-5.4.26.tar.bz2
 - # cd /usr/src/php-5.4.26/
 - # ./configure--prefix=/usr/local/php --with-openssl
 - --with-mysql=mysqlnd --with-mysqli=mysqlnd --with-pdo-mysql=mysqlnd
 - --enable-mbstring --with-freetype-dir --with-jpeg-dir
 - --with-png-dir --with-zlib--with-libxml-dir=/usr --enable-xml
 - --enable-sockets --with-apxs2=/usr/local/apache2/bin/apxs
 - --with-mcrypt --with-config-file-path=/etc --with-config-file-scan-dir=/etc/php.d
 - --with-bz2 --enable-maintainer-zts
 - # make && make install
 
3.提供配置文件
- # cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
 
4.为php-fpm提供脚本,并将其添加到服务列表
- # cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
 - # chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
 - # chkconfig --add php-fpm
 - # chkconfig php-fpm on
 
5.为php-fpm提供配置文件
- # cp /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
 
6.编辑php-fpm配置文件
- # vim /usr/local/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
 - pm.max_children = 150
 - pm.start_servers = 8
 - pm.min_spare_servers = 5
 - pm.max_spare_servers = 10
 - pid = /usr/local/php/var/run/php-fpm.pid
 - listen = 172.16.1.11:9000
 
7.启动php-fpm
- # service php-fpm start
 - # ps -aux | grep php-fpm
 
六、安装php加速器xcache
1.安装xcache
- # tar xf xcache-3.0.3.tar.gz
 - # cd xcache-3.0.3
 - # /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
 - //phpize是用来安装php扩展模块的,通过phpize可以建立php的
 - 外挂模块,若你想在原来编译好的php中加入memcached或者
 - ImageMagick等扩展模块,就需要使用phpize
 - # # ./configure --enable=xcache --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/
 - php-config
 - # make && make install
 - //显示xcache模块路径:/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20100525/
 
2.编辑配置文件,整合php + xcache
- # vim xcache.ini
 - //添加模块路径
 - extension = /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20100525/xcache.so
 - # cp xcache.ini /etc/php.d/
 
3.重启php-fpm
- # service php-fpm restart
 
七、配置nginx
1.编辑/etc/nginx/nginx.conf,实现动静分离
- worker_processes 2; #worker进程的个数
 - error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log notice; #错误日志路径及级别
 - events {
 - worker_connections 1024; #每个worker能够并发响应的最大请求数
 - }
 - http {
 - include mime.types; #支持多媒体类型
 - default_type application/octet-stream;
 - sendfile on; #由内核直接转发
 - #keepalive_timeout 0;
 - keepalive_timeout 5; #持久连接5s
 - gzip on; #开启压缩功能
 - server {
 - listen 80;
 - server_name www.hoo.com;
 - add_header X-via $server_addr; #让客户端能够看到代理服务器的IP
 - location / {
 - root html;
 - index index.php index.html index.htm;
 - }
 - location ~* \.(jpg|jpeg|png|gif|js|css)$ { #匹配静态内容
 - root html; #默认目录在/usr/local/nginx/html
 - }
 - location ~ \.php$ { #匹配动态php文件
 - root html;
 - fastcgi_pass 172.16.7.11:9000; #代理到的服务器
 - fastcgi_index index.php;
 - fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME scripts$fastcgi_script_name;
 - include fastcgi_params;
 - }
 - }
 - }
 
2.编辑/etc/nginx/fastcgi_params
- fastcgi_param GATEWAY_INTERFACE CGI/1.1;
 - fastcgi_param SERVER_SOFTWARE nginx;
 - fastcgi_param QUERY_STRING $query_string;
 - fastcgi_param REQUEST_METHOD $request_method;
 - fastcgi_param CONTENT_TYPE $content_type;
 - fastcgi_param CONTENT_LENGTH $content_length;
 - fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
 - fastcgi_param SCRIPT_NAME $fastcgi_script_name;
 - fastcgi_param REQUEST_URI $request_uri;
 - fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_URI $document_uri;
 - fastcgi_param DOCUMENT_ROOT $document_root;
 - fastcgi_param SERVER_PROTOCOL $server_protocol;
 - fastcgi_param REMOTE_ADDR $remote_addr;
 - fastcgi_param REMOTE_PORT $remote_port;
 - fastcgi_param SERVER_ADDR $server_addr;
 - fastcgi_param SERVER_PORT $server_port;
 - fastcgi_param SERVER_NAME $server_name;
 
3.重载nginx
- # service nginx reload
 
八、安装Memcached服务器
1.memcached特性
Memcached是一款开发工具,它既不是一个代码加速器,也不是数据库中间件。其设计哲学思想主要反映在如下方面:
(1)简单key/value存储:服务器不关心数据本身的意义及结构,只要是可序列化数据即可。存储项由“键、过期时间、可选的标志及数据”四个部分组成;
(2)功能的实现一半依赖于客户端,一半基于服务器端:客户负责发送存储项至服务器端、从服务端获取数据以及无法连接至服务器时采用相应的动作;服务端负责接收、存储数据,并负责数据项的超时过期;
(3)各服务器间彼此无视:不在服务器间进行数据同步;
(4)O(1)的执行效率
(5)清理超期数据:默认情况下,Memcached是一个LRU缓存,同时,它按事先预订的时长清理超期数据;但事实上,memcached不会删除任何已缓存数据,只是在其过期之后不再为客户所见;而且,memcached也不会真正按期限清理缓存,而仅是当get命令到达时检查其时长;
2.安装memcached
a).部署开发环境,解决依赖关系
- # yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Server Platform Deveopment" -y
 - # yum install -y libevent-devel
 
     
b).编译安装memcached
- # tar xf memcached-1.4.15.tar.gz
 - # cd memcached-1.4.15
 - # ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/memcached --with-libevent=/usr/local/libevent
 - # make && make install
 
c).为memcached提供启动脚本
- #!/bin/bash
 - #
 - # Init file for memcached
 - #
 - # chkconfig: - 86 14
 - # description: Distributed memory caching daemon
 - #
 - # processname: memcached
 - # config: /etc/sysconfig/memcached
 - . /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions
 - ## Default variables
 - PORT="11211"
 - USER="nobody"
 - MAXCONN="1024"
 - CACHESIZE="64"
 - OPTIONS=""
 - RETVAL=0
 - prog="/usr/local/memcached/bin/memcached"
 - desc="Distributed memory caching"
 - lockfile="/var/lock/subsys/memcached"
 - start() {
 - echo -n $"Starting $desc (memcached): "
 - daemon $prog -d -p $PORT -u $USER -c $MAXCONN -m $CACHESIZE -o "$OPTIONS"
 - RETVAL=$?
 - [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && success && touch $lockfile || failure
 - echo
 - return $RETVAL
 - }
 - stop() {
 - echo -n $"Shutting down $desc (memcached): "
 - killproc $prog
 - RETVAL=$?
 - [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && success && rm -f $lockfile || failure
 - echo
 - return $RETVAL
 - }
 - restart() {
 - stop
 - start
 - }
 - reload() {
 - echo -n $"Reloading $desc ($prog): "
 - killproc $prog -HUP
 - RETVAL=$?
 - [ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && success || failure
 - echo
 - return $RETVAL
 - }
 - case "$1" in
 - start)
 - start
 - ;;
 - stop)
 - stop
 - ;;
 - restart)
 - restart
 - ;;
 - condrestart)
 - [ -e $lockfile ] && restart
 - RETVAL=$?
 - ;;
 - reload)
 - reload
 - ;;
 - status)
 - status $prog
 - RETVAL=$?
 - ;;
 - *)
 - echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|condrestart|status}"
 - RETVAL=1
 - esac
 - exit $RETVAL
 
d).添加memcached至服务列表
- # chmod +x /etc/init.d/memcached
 - # chkconfig --add memcached
 - # service memcached start
 
      
e).检查是否运行
- # ss -tnlp | grep 11211
 
九、安装php的memcached扩展
1.安装memcached扩展
- # tar xf memcache-2.2.7.tgz
 - # cd memcache-2.2.7
 - # /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
 - # ./configure --with-php-config=/usr/local/php/bin/php-config --enable-memcache
 - # make && make install
 
2.编辑配置文件,整合php + memcached
- # vim xcache.ini
 - //添加模块路径
 - extension = /usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20100525/memcache.so
 
3.重启php-fpm
- # service php-fpm restart
 
4.对memcached功能进行测试,在网站目录中建立测试页面test.php
- //php服务器
 - # vim test.php
 - $mem = new Memcache;
 - $mem->connect("172.16.1.13", 11211) or die("Could not connect");
 - $version = $mem->getVersion();
 - echo "Server's version: ".$version."
 
\n";- $mem->set('hellokey', 'Hello World', 0, 600) or die("Failed to save data at the memcached server");
 - echo "Store data in the cache (data will expire in 600 seconds)
 
\n";- $get_result = $mem->get('hellokey');
 - echo "$get_result is from memcached server.";
 - ?>
 - ~
 
测试访问即可。
5.安装wordpress测试访问即可
十、安装memadmin-master查看memcached状态信息
1.解压即可使用
- //解压至php服务器/usr/local/nginx/html/
 - # unzip memadmin-master.zip
 
2.测试访问
www.hoo.com/memadmin-master
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